The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and deep: Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder. Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage. Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column. The deep muscles develop embryologically in the back, and are thus described as intrinsic muscles. The superficial and intermediate muscles do not develop in the back, and are classified as extrinsic muscles. This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles – their attachments, innervations and functions. The superficial back muscles are situated underneath the skin and superficial fascia. They originate from the vertebral column and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula and humerus. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the upper limb. The muscles in this group are the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae and the rhomboids. The trapezius
Neurobic exercises is the name of the new science of brain exercise. Its primary goal is to help us keep our mental abilities... our memory as well as learning new information. Neurobics is different from the brain exercises you did in the past which were usually logic based puzzles such as crossword puzzles and Sudoku. This type of exercise basically involved doing what you already know, but just doing more of it. It is not that they are of no value but their value is limited because they usually only involve a small amount of your brain and you are also just using the same brain neurons (the name for brain cells). What is Neurobics? Neurobic exercises is a unique new system of brain exercises based on the latest scientific research from leading neurobiology labs around the world. The deceptively simple exercise program is scientifically based on the brain's ability to produce natural growth factors called neurotrophins that help fight off the effects of mental aging. A physical e