The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and deep: Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder. Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage. Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column. The deep muscles develop embryologically in the back, and are thus described as intrinsic muscles. The superficial and intermediate muscles do not develop in the back, and are classified as extrinsic muscles. This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles – their attachments, innervations and functions. The superficial back muscles are situated underneath the skin and superficial fascia. They originate from the vertebral column and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula and humerus. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the upper limb. The muscles in this group are the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae and the rhomboids. The trapezius
Physiotherapy is a part of healthcare management that assists in restoring function and movement when a patient is affected by an illness or injury. Physiotherapy can be extremely beneficial for various bone, muscular and joint issues, especially pain management. It is equally effective in treating chronic pain that can help patients fight pain and lead a healthy life. Unfortunately in India, physiotherapy doesn’t have a streamlined referral system, even though it can support the promotion of health, prevention of injury and help in rehabilitation. Physiotherapy Remains an Underrated Profession Being an allied part of the healthcare system, physiotherapy aims to restore and maintain maximum physical function along with improved health throughout life. In majority of the settings in India, physiotherapy is offered in combination with various other treatments and therapies. However, in comparison to the western world, there isn’t a proper referral system for physiotherapy in India. Thoug