The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and deep: Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder. Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage. Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column. The deep muscles develop embryologically in the back, and are thus described as intrinsic muscles. The superficial and intermediate muscles do not develop in the back, and are classified as extrinsic muscles. This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles – their attachments, innervations and functions. The superficial back muscles are situated underneath the skin and superficial fascia. They originate from the vertebral column and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula and humerus. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the upper limb. The muscles in this group are the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae and the rhomboids. The trapezius
Introduction An adult body contains a total of 206 bones. They deliver structure to our bodies, help us to move in different manners, safeguard our internal organs, and more. The well-being of our bones is an important aspect to live a happier life. Even a minor crack or break in the bone can upset our daily-life activities. Some diseases can make an adverse impact on bone health. Here, you will get to know about osteoporosis. What Is Osteoporosis? You can simply understand the meaning of osteoporosis as porous bones. It is a bone disease where the bones become weak and susceptible to break from a fall. Even in severe cases, a person may experience a fracture from sneezing or minor bumps. A crack or break in the bone can lead to pain, disability, and problems in everyday activities. In this condition, the bones lose their strength, become thin, and less dense. There is a presence of small spaces in healthy bones. When examined through a microscope, they look similar to a honeycomb. W
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