The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and deep: Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder. Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage. Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column. The deep muscles develop embryologically in the back, and are thus described as intrinsic muscles. The superficial and intermediate muscles do not develop in the back, and are classified as extrinsic muscles. This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles – their attachments, innervations and functions. The superficial back muscles are situated underneath the skin and superficial fascia. They originate from the vertebral column and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula and humerus. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the upper limb. The muscles in this group are the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae and the rhomboids. The trapezius
The knee joint is one of the most complex and crucial joints in the human body. It plays a vital role in supporting our body weight, facilitating movement, and maintaining stability. However, due to its intricate structure and constant use, the knee is susceptible to various injuries. This brief overview aims to provide a general understanding of knee joint injuries, including their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Causes of Knee Joint Injuries: Knee joint injuries can occur due to various reasons, including: Trauma: Direct impact or forceful blows to the knee, such as those experienced during falls, accidents, or sports-related activities. Overuse: Repetitive stress on the knee joint, often seen in athletes or individuals engaging in activities that involve frequent bending, jumping, or twisting motions. Degenerative Conditions: Chronic conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or other degenerative diseases that affect the knee joint over time.